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Vulvas Breasts and Buttocks of the Goddess Creatress Commentary on the Origins of Art

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Lithuanian-American archaeologist

Marija Gimbutas
Prof-Dr-Marija-Gimbutas-Copyright-Foto-Monica-Boirar-aka-Monica-Beurer.jpg

Gimbutas at the Frauenmuseum Wiesbaden, Frg 1993
Built-in

Marija Birutė Alseikaitė


(1921-01-23)January 23, 1921

Vilnius, Key Republic of lithuania
Died Feb 2, 1994(1994-02-02) (aged 73)

Los Angeles, California, U.Due south.
Nationality Lithuanian
Other names Lithuanian: Marija Gimbutienė
Alma mater Vilnius University
Occupation Archaeologist
Years active 1949–1991
Employer University of California, Los Angeles
Known for Kurgan hypothesis

Notable work

 The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe (1974); The Language of the Goddess (1989); The Culture of the Goddess (1991); The Balts (1961); The Slavs (1971);

Marija Gimbutas (Lithuanian: Marija Gimbutienė, Lithuanian pronunciation: ​ ['ɡɪmbutas]; January 23, 1921 – February two, 1994) was a Lithuanian-American archaeologist and anthropologist known for her research into the Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of "Former Europe" and for her Kurgan hypothesis, which located the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic Steppe.

Biography [edit]

Early life [edit]

Marija Gimbutas was born as Marija Birutė Alseikaitė to Veronika Janulaitytė-Alseikienė and Danielius Alseika in Vilnius, the upper-case letter of Republic of Central Republic of lithuania; her parents were members of the Lithuanian intelligentsia.[ane]

Her female parent received a doctorate in ophthalmology at the University of Berlin in 1908 and became the kickoff female physician in Lithuania, while her begetter received his medical degree from the University of Tartu in 1910. Later on Lithuania regained independence in 1918, Gimbutas'south parents founded the first Lithuanian hospital in the upper-case letter.[1]

During this period, her father also served as the publisher of the newspaper Vilniaus Žodis and the cultural magazine Vilniaus Šviesa and was an outspoken proponent of Lithuanian independence during the Smoothen–Lithuanian War.[2]

Gimbutas's parents were connoisseurs of traditional Lithuanian folk arts and oftentimes invited gimmicky musicians, writers, and authors to their home, including Vydūnas, Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, and Jonas Basanavičius.[3] With regard to her strong cultural upbringing, Gimbutas said:

I had the opportunity to become acquainted with writers and artists such every bit Vydūnas, Tumas-Vaižgantas, even Basanavičius, who was taken care of past my parents. When I was four or five years old, I would sit in Basanavičius'due south easy chair and I would feel fine. And afterward, throughout my entire life, Basanavičius's collected folklore remained extraordinarily of import for me.[iii]

In 1931, Gimbutas settled with her parents in Kaunas, the temporary majuscule of Lithuania, where she continued her studies. Afterwards her parents separated that yr, she lived with her mother and brother, Vytautas, in Kaunas. V years later on, her father died suddenly. At her father's deathbed, Gimbutas pledged that she would written report to become a scholar: "Of a sudden I had to remember what I shall be, what I shall practise with my life. I had been so reckless in sports—swimming for miles, skating, bike riding. I changed completely and began to read."[4] [5]

Emigration and life abroad [edit]

In 1941, she married builder Jurgis Gimbutas. During the Second World War, Gimbutas lived under the Soviet occupation (1940–41) and then the German language occupation (1941–43).[half dozen]

Gimbutas' commencement daughter, Danutė, was born in June 1942. Early in 1944 the young Gimbutas family unit, in the confront of an advancing Soviet ground forces, fled the country to areas controlled by Nazi Germany, commencement to Vienna and and so to Innsbruck and Bavaria.[7] In her reflection of this turbulent period, Gimbutas remarked, "Life just twisted me similar a little establish, but my work was continuous in i management."[viii]

While holding a postdoctoral fellowship at Tübingen the following year, Gimbutas gave birth to her second daughter, Živilė. In the 1950s, the Gimbutas family left Germany and relocated to the United States, where Gimbutas had a successful academic career.[7] [ix] [x] Her third daughter, Rasa Julija, was born in 1954 in Boston.

Gimbutas died in Los Angeles in 1994, at age 73. Soon afterward, she was interred in Kaunas's Petrašiūnai Cemetery.

Career [edit]

Educational activity and academic appointments [edit]

From 1936, Gimbutas participated in ethnographic expeditions to record traditional folklore and studied Lithuanian beliefs and rituals of death.[i] She graduated with honors from Aušra Gymnasium in Kaunas in 1938 and enrolled in the Vytautas Magnus Academy the same year, where she studied linguistics in the Section of Philology. She then attended the University of Vilnius to pursue graduate studies in archaeology (under Jonas Puzinas), linguistics, ethnology, folklore and literature.[1]

In 1942 she completed her main's thesis, "Modes of Burial in Lithuania in the Iron Age", with honors.[ane] She received her Master of Arts degree from the University of Vilnius, Lithuania, in 1942.

In 1946, Gimbutas received a doctorate in archaeology, with minors in ethnology and history of religion, from Academy of Tübingen with her dissertation "Prehistoric Burial Rites in Republic of lithuania" ("Die Bestattung in Litauen in der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit"), which was published after that year.[7] [11] She often said that she had the dissertation nether one arm and her child under the other arm when she and her husband fled the city of Kaunas, Lithuania, in the face up of an advancing Soviet army in 1944.

From 1947 to 1949 she did postgraduate work at the University of Heidelberg and the University of Munich.

After arriving in the United states in the 1950s, Gimbutas immediately went to piece of work at Harvard University translating Eastern European archaeological texts. She then became a lecturer in the Department of Anthropology. In 1955 she was fabricated a Fellow of Harvard's Peabody Museum.

Gimbutas then taught at UCLA, where she became Professor of European Archeology and Indo-European Studies in 1964 and Curator of Old Globe Archaeology in 1965.[12] In 1993, Gimbutas received an honorary doctorate at Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, Lithuania.

Kurgan hypothesis [edit]

In 1956 Gimbutas introduced her Kurgan hypothesis, which combined archaeological study of the distinctive Kurgan burial mounds with linguistics to unravel some bug in the study of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) speaking peoples, whom she dubbed the "Kurgans"; namely, to account for their origin and to trace their migrations into Europe. This hypothesis, and her method of bridging the disciplines, has had a pregnant bear upon on Indo-European studies.

During the 1950s and early 1960s, Gimbutas earned a reputation as a world-class specialist on Bronze Age Europe, as well equally on Lithuanian folk art and the prehistory of the Balts and Slavs, partly summed upwards in her definitive opus, Statuary Age Cultures of Key and Eastern Europe (1965). In her work she reinterpreted European prehistory in low-cal of her backgrounds in linguistics, ethnology, and the history of religions, and challenged many traditional assumptions about the beginnings of European civilization.

As a Professor of European Archæology and Indo-European Studies at UCLA from 1963 to 1989, Gimbutas directed major excavations of Neolithic sites in southeastern Europe between 1967 and 1980, including Anzabegovo, most Štip, Republic of Macedonia, and Sitagroi and Achilleion in Thessaly (Greece). Earthworks through layers of earth representing a period of fourth dimension earlier contemporary estimates for Neolithic habitation in Europe – where other archaeologists would not have expected farther finds – she unearthed a great number of artifacts of daily life and religion or spirituality, which she researched and documented throughout her career.

Three genetic studies in 2015 gave support to the Kurgan theory of Gimbutas regarding the Indo-European Urheimat. According to those studies, Y-chromosome haplogroups R1b and R1a, now the most common in Europe (R1a is too mutual in South Asia) would have expanded from the Russian steppes, forth with the Indo European languages; they also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not nowadays in Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, also as Indo-European languages.[13] [xiv] [xv]

Late archaeology [edit]

Gimbutas gained fame and notoriety in the English-speaking world with her last three English-linguistic communication books: The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe (1974); The Language of the Goddess (1989), which inspired an exhibition in Wiesbaden, 1993–94; and the final of the three, The Civilization of the Goddess (1991), which, based on her documented archaeological findings, presented an overview of her conclusions about Neolithic cultures across Europe: housing patterns, social structure, art, organized religion, and the nature of literacy.

The Goddess trilogy articulated what Gimbutas saw every bit the differences between the Old European system, which she considered goddess- and woman-centered (gynocentric), and the Bronze Age Indo-European patriarchal ("androcratic") culture which supplanted information technology.[16] Co-ordinate to her interpretations, gynocentric (or matristic) societies were peaceful, honored women, and espoused economic equality.[ citation needed ] The androcratic, or male-dominated, Kurgan peoples, on the other mitt, invaded Europe and imposed upon its natives the hierarchical rule of male warriors.

Influence [edit]

Gimbutas's work, along with that of her colleague, mythologist Joseph Campbell, is housed in the OPUS Archives and Research Middle on the campus of the Pacifica Graduate Institute in Carpinteria, California. The library includes Gimbutas'south extensive drove on the topics of archaeology, mythology, folklore, fine art and linguistics. The Gimbutas Athenaeum house over 12,000 images personally taken past Gimbutas of sacred figures, likewise every bit enquiry files on Neolithic cultures of Old Europe.[17] [18]

Mary Mackey has written four historical novels based on Gimbutas's research: The Year the Horses Came, The Horses at the Gate, The Fires of Spring, and The Hamlet of Bones.

Reception [edit]

Marija Gimbutienė commemorative plaque in Kaunas, Mickevičius Street

Marija Gimbutienė on a 2021 postage of Lithuania

Joseph Campbell and Ashley Montagu[nineteen] [20] each compared the importance of Marija Gimbutas's output to the historical importance of the Rosetta Rock in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs. Campbell provided a foreword to a new edition of Gimbutas's The Linguistic communication of the Goddess (1989) before he died, and oft said how greatly he regretted that her enquiry on the Neolithic cultures of Europe had not been available when he was writing The Masks of God. The ecofeminist Charlene Spretnak argued in 2011 that a "backlash" against Gimbutas'due south work had been orchestrated, starting in the terminal years of her life and following her death.[21]

Mainstream archaeology dismissed Gimbutas's afterwards works.[22] Anthropologist Bernard Wailes (1934–2012) of the University of Pennsylvania commented to The New York Times that most of Gimbutas's peers[23] believe her to be "immensely knowledgeable but not very practiced in critical analysis. ... She amasses all the data and and so leaps from it to conclusions without any intervening argument." He said that most archaeologists consider her to exist an eccentric.[xx]

David W. Anthony has praised Gimbutas'south insights regarding the Indo-European Urheimat, but too disputed Gimbutas's exclamation that in that location was a widespread peaceful social club before the Kurgan incursion, noting that Europe had hillforts and weapons, and presumably warfare, long before the Kurgan.[xx] A standard textbook of European prehistory corroborates this point, stating that warfare existed in neolithic Europe and that adult males were given preferential treatment in burial rites.[24]

Peter Ucko and Andrew Fleming were two early on critics of the "Goddess" theory, with which Gimbutas later came to be associated. Ucko, in his 1968 monograph Anthropomorphic figurines of predynastic Egypt warned against unwarranted inferences about the meanings of statues. He notes, for example, that early Egyptian figurines of women holding their breasts had been taken as "obviously" significant of maternity or fertility, simply the Pyramid Texts revealed that in Egypt this was the female gesture of grief.[25]

Fleming, in his 1969 paper "The Myth of the Female parent Goddess", questioned the practice of identifying neolithic figures every bit female when they weren't clearly distinguished equally male and took issue with other aspects of the "Goddess" estimation of Neolithic stone carvings and burial practices.[26] Cynthia Eller as well discusses the place of Gimbutas in inoculating the idea into feminism in her 2000 book The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory.

The 2009 book Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism by Cathy Gere examines the political influence on archaeology more generally. Through the example of Knossos on the island of Crete, which had been represented every bit the paradigm of a pacifist, matriarchal and sexually free society, Gere claims that archaeology can easily slip into reflecting what people desire to see, rather than pedagogy people about an unfamiliar past.[27] [28]

Bibliography [edit]

Monographs [edit]

  • Gimbutas, Marija (1946). Die Bestattung in Litauen in der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit. Tübingen: H. Laupp.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1956). The Prehistory of Eastern Europe. Part I: Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age Cultures in Russia and the Baltic Area. American Schoolhouse of Prehistoric Inquiry, Harvard University Message No. xx. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum.
  • Gimbutas, Marija & R. Ehrich (1957). COWA Survey and Bibliography, Area – Central Europe. Cambridge: Harvard Academy.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1958). Aboriginal symbolism in Lithuanian folk art. Philadelphia: American Folklore Society, Memoirs of the American Folklore Gild 49.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1958). Rytprusiu ir Vakaru Lietuvos Priesistorines Kulturos Apzvalga [A Survey of Prehistory of E Prussia and western Lithuania]. New York: Studia Lituaica I.
  • Gimbutas, Marija & R. Ehrich (1959). COWA Survey and Bibliography, Surface area two – Scandinavia. Cambridge: Harvard University.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1963). The Balts. London : Thames and Hudson, Ancient peoples and places 33.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1965). Bronze Historic period cultures in Central and Eastern Europe. The Hague/London: Mouton.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1971). The Slavs. London : Thames and Hudson, Ancient peoples and places 74.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1974). Obre and Its Identify in Erstwhile Europe. Sarajevo: Zemalski Museum. Wissenchaftliche Mitteilungen des Bosnisch-Herzogowinischen Landesmuseums, Ring iv Heft A.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1974). The Goddesses and Gods of Former Europe, 7000 to 3500 BC: Myths, Legends and Cult Images. London: Thames and Hudson.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1981). Grotta Scaloria: Resoconto sulle ricerche del 1980 relative agli scavi del 1979. Manfredonia: Amministrazione comunale.
  • Gimbutienė, Marija (1985). Baltai priešistoriniais laikais : etnogenezė, materialinė kultūra ir mitologija. Vilnius: Mokslas.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1989). The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1991). The Civilization of the Goddess: The Globe of Former Europe. San Francisco: Harper.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1992). Die Ethnogenese der europäischen Indogermanen. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, Vorträge und kleinere Schriften 54.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (1994). Das Ende Alteuropas. Der Einfall von Steppennomaden aus Südrussland und die Indogermanisierung Mitteleuropas. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft.
  • Gimbutas, Marija, edited and supplemented past Miriam Robbins Dexter (1999) The Living Goddesses. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Printing.

Edited volumes [edit]

  • Gimbutas, Marija (ed.) (1974). Obre, Neolithic Sites in Bosnia. Sarajevo: A. Archaeologic.
  • Gimbutas, Marija (ed.) (1976). Neolithic Macedonia every bit reflected by excavation at Anza, southeast Yugoslavia. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Monumenta archaeologica 1.
  • Renfrew, Colin, Marija Gimbutas and Ernestine Southward. Elster (1986). Excavations at Sitagroi, a prehistoric hamlet in northeast Greece. Vol. 1. Los Angeles : Institute of Archaeology, Academy of California, Monumenta archaeologica 13.
  • Gimbutas, Marija, Shan Winn and Daniel Shimabuku (1989). Achilleion: a Neolithic settlement in Thessaly, Greece, 6400–5600 B.C. Los Angeles: Institute of Archeology, University of California, Los Angeles. Monumenta archaeologica 14.

Manufactures [edit]

  • 1960: "Culture Modify in Europe at the Offset of the Second Millennium B.C. A Contribution to the Indo-European Problem", Selected Papers of the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Philadelphia, September 1–ix, 1956, ed. A. F. C. Wallace. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1960, pp. 540–552.
  • 1961: "Notes on the chronology and expansion of the Pit-grave civilisation", L'Europe à la fin de l'Age de la pierre, eds., J. Bohm & Due south. J. De Laet. Prague: Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1961, pp. 193–200.
  • 1963: "The Indo-Europeans: archaeological issues", American Anthropologist 65 (1963): 815–836 doi:ten.1525/aa.1963.65.4.02a00030
  • 1970: "Proto-Indo-European Culture: The Kurgan Culture during the Fifth, Fourth, and Third Millennia B.C.", Indo-European and Indo-Europeans. Papers Presented at the Third Indo-European Briefing at the Academy of Pennsylvania, ed. George Cardona, Henry M. Hoenigswald & Alfred Senn. Philadelphia: Academy of Pennsylvania Press, 1970, pp. 155–197.
  • 1973: "Old Europe c. 7000–3500 BC: The Earliest European Civilization Before the Infiltration of the Indo-European Peoples", Periodical of Indo-European Studies (JIES) one (1973): 1–21.
  • 1977: "The Get-go Moving ridge of Eurasian Steppe Pastoralists into Copper Age Europe", JIES five (1977): 277–338.
  • "Gilded Treasure at Varna", Archaeology 30, one (1977): 44–51.
  • 1979: "The Three Waves of Kurgan People into Old Europe, 4500–2500 BC", Archives suisses d'anthropologie genérale. 43(2) (1979): 113–137.
  • 1980: "The Kurgan wave #2 (c.3400–3200 BC) into Europe and the following transformation of culture", JIES 8 (1980): 273–315.
  • "The Temples of One-time Europe", Archaeology 33(6) (1980): 41–50.
  • 1980–81: "The transformation of European and Anatolian culture c. 4500–2500 B.C. and its legacy", JIES viii (I-2), 9 (I-two).
  • 1982: "Old Europe in the 5th Millennium B.C.: The European Situation on the Arrival of Indo-Europeans", The Indo-Europeans in the 4th and Third Millennia BC, ed. Edgar C. Polomé. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers, 1982, pp. 1–60.
  • "Women and Culture in Goddess-oriented Old Europe", The Politics of Women's Spirituality, ed. Charlene Spretnak. New York: Doubleday, 1982, pp. 22–31.
  • "Vulvas, Breasts, and Buttocks of the Goddess Creatress: Commentary on the Origins of Art", The Shape of the Past: Studies in Honor of Franklin D. Murphy, eds. Giorgio Buccellati & Charles Speroni. Los Angeles: UCLA Found of Archaeology, 1982.
  • 1985: "Primary and Secondary Homeland of the Indo-Europeans: Comments on Gamkrelidze–Ivanov Articles", JIES thirteen(ane–2) (1985): 185–202.
  • 1986: "Kurgan Culture and the Horse", critique of the article "The 'Kurgan Culture', Indo-European origins and the domestication of the equus caballus: a reconsideration" by David W. Anthony (same issue, pp. 291–313), Electric current Anthropology 27(4) (1986): 305–307.
  • "Remarks on the ethnogenesis of the Indo-Europeans in Europe", Ethnogenese europäischer Völker, eds. W. Bernhard & A. Kandler-Palsson. Stuttgart / New York: Gustav Fische Verlag, 1986: five–19.
  • 1987: "The Pre-Christian Religion of Lithuania", La Cristianizzazione della Lituania. Rome, 1987.
  • "The Earth Fertility of old Europe", Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 13, no. 1 (1987): 11–69.
  • 1988: "A Review of Archeology and Language by Colin Renfrew", Electric current Anthropology 29(three) (Jul 1988): 453–456.
  • "Accounting For a Great Change, critique of Archaeology and Language by C. Renfrew", London Times Literary Supplement (Jun 24–30), 1988, p. 714.
  • 1990: "The Social Construction of the Old Europe. Part II", JIES xviii (1990): 225–284.
  • "The Standoff of 2 Ideologies", When Worlds Collide: Indo-Europeans and Pre-Indo-Europeans, eds. T. Fifty. Markey & A. C. Greppin. Ann Arbor (MI): Kasoma, 1990, pp. 171–178.
  • "Wall Paintings of Çatal Hüyük, 8th–7th Millennia B.C.", The Review of Archaeology, xi(ii) (1990): 1–5.
  • 1992: "The Chronologies of Eastern Europe: Neolithic through Early Statuary Age", Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, vol. 1, ed. R. W. Ehrich. Chicago, London: Academy of Chicago Printing, 1992, pp. 395–406.
  • 1993: "The Indo-Europeanization of Europe: the intrusion of steppe pastoralists from south Russia and the transformation of Onetime Europe", Word 44 (1993): 205–222 doi:10.1080/00437956.1993.11435900

Collected articles [edit]

  • Dexter, Miriam Robbins and Karlene Jones-Bley (eds) (1997). The Kurgan civilisation and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe: Selected articles from 1952 to 1993 by Thousand. Gimbutas. Journal of Indo-European Studies monograph 18. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man.

Studies in honor [edit]

  • Skomal, Susan Nacev & Edgar C. Polomé (eds) (1987). Proto-Indo-European: The Archaeology of a Linguistic Trouble. Studies in Accolade of Marija Gimbutas. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph No. 001. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man.
  • Marler, Joan, ed. (1997). From the Realm of the Ancestors: An Anthology in Honor of Marija Gimbutas. Manchester, CT: Knowledge, Ideas & Trends, Inc.
  • Dexter, Miriam Robbins and Edgar C. Polomé, eds. (1997). Varia on the Indo-European By: Papers in Memory of Gimbutas, Marija. Periodical of Indo-European Studies Monograph #nineteen. Washington, DC: The Plant for the Study of Human being.

See also [edit]

  • Lewis H. Morgan
  • J. P. Mallory
  • Yamna culture
  • Vinča script
  • Johann Jakob Bachofen

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Ware & Braukman 2004, p. 234
  2. ^ Marler 1998, p. 114.
  3. ^ a b Marler 1998, p. 115.
  4. ^ Marler 1998, p. 116.
  5. ^ Marler 1997, p. 9
  6. ^ Ware & Braukman 2004, pp. 234–35.
  7. ^ a b c Ware & Braukman 2004, p. 235.
  8. ^ Marler 1998, p. 118.
  9. ^ Chapman 1998, p. 300.
  10. ^ Marler 1998, p. 119.
  11. ^ [ane] [ permanent dead link ]
  12. ^ "Women in Former World Archaeology". Dark-brown.edu . Retrieved vii Baronial 2018.
  13. ^ Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, David (10 Feb 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". bioRxiv. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. bioRxiv10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/NATURE14317. PMC5048219. PMID 25731166. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  14. ^ Allentoft, Morten Eastward.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron, Justyna; Casa, Philippe Della; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; Jarysz, Radosław; Khartanovich, Valeri; Khokhlov, Alexandr; Buss, Viktória; Kolář, January; Kriiska, Aivar; Lasak, Irena; Longhi, Cristina; McGlynn, George; Merkevicius, Algimantas; Merkyte, Inga; Metspalu, Mait; Mkrtchyan, Ruzan; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Paja, László; Pálfi, György; Pokutta, Dalia; Pospieszny, Łukasz; Price, T. Douglas; Saag, Lehti; Sablin, Mikhail; Shishlina, Natalia; Smrčka, Václav; Soenov, Vasilii I.; Szeverényi, Vajk; Tóth, Gusztáv; Trifanova, Synaru V.; Varul, Liivi; Vicze, Magdolna; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Zhitenev, Vladislav; Orlando, Ludovic; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Brunak, Søren; Nielsen, Rasmus; Kristiansen, Kristian; Willerslev, Eske (one June 2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Historic period Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:x.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.
  15. ^ Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Pickrell, Joseph; Meller, Harald; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Krause, Johannes; Anthony, David; Brown, Dorcas; Fox, Carles Lalueza; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (14 March 2015). "Eight chiliad years of natural selection in Europe". bioRxiv: 016477. doi:10.1101/016477 . Retrieved vii August 2018 – via biorxiv.org.
  16. ^ Hayden, Brian (1987). "One-time Europe: Sacred Matriarchy or Complementary Opposition?". In Bonanno, Anthony (ed.). Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Aboriginal Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Briefing on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, the University of Republic of malta, two-5 September 1985. Amsterdam: B. R. Grüner. pp. 17–30. ISBN9789060322888.
  17. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-06-06. Retrieved 2010-05-27 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
  18. ^ "The Marija Gimbutas Drove – OPUS Archives and Research Center". Opusarchives.org . Retrieved seven August 2018.
  19. ^ "Co-ordinate to anthropologist Ashley Montagu, "Marija Gimbutas has given us a veritable Rosetta Rock of the greatest heuristic value for future piece of work in the hermeneutics of archeology and anthropology." "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2004-02-04. Retrieved 2004-02-xix . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^ a b c Peter Steinfels (1990) Idyllic Theory Of Goddesses Creates Storm. NY Times, February thirteen, 1990
  21. ^ C. Spretnak (2011). "Anatomy of a Backfire: Concerning the Work of Marija Gimbutas" (PDF). Periodical of Archaeomythology. 7: i–27. ISSN 2162-6871.
  22. ^ Paul Kiparsky, "New perspectives in historical linguistics", To appear in Claire Bowern (ed.)Handbook of Historical Linguistics.
  23. ^ The New York Times volume of science literacy: what everyone needs to know from Newton to the knuckleball, page 85, Richard Flaste, 1992
  24. ^ S. Milisauskas, European prehistory (Springer, 2002), p.82, 386, etc. See also Colin Renfrew, ed., The Megalithic Monuments of Western Europe: the latest show (London : Thames and Hudson, 1983).
  25. ^ P. Ucko, Anthropomorphic figurines of predynastic Egypt and neolithic Crete with comparative material from the prehistoric Almost East and mainland Greece (London, A. Szmidla, 1968).
  26. ^ A. Fleming (1969), "The Myth of the Mother Goddess" Archived 2016-05-31 at the Wayback Machine, Globe Archaeology 1(ii), 247–261.
  27. ^ Cathy Gere (2009), Knossos and the Prophets of Modernism, University of Chicago Printing, pp. iv–16ff.
  28. ^ See also Charlotte Allen, "The Scholars and the Goddess.", The Atlantic Monthly, January 1, 2001.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Chapman, John (1998), "The impact of modernistic invasions and migrations on archaeological explanation: A biographical sketch of Marija Gimbutas", in Díaz-Andreu, Margarita; Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig (eds.), Excavating Women: A History of Women in European Archaeology, New York: Routledge, pp. 295–314, ISBN978-0-415-15760-v
  • Elster, Ernestine S. (2007). "Marija Gimbutas: Setting the Agenda", in Archaeology and Women: Ancient and Modern Issues, eds. Sue Hamilton, Ruth D. Whitehouse, and Katherine I. Wright. Left Coast Printing (reprint Routledge, 2016)
  • Häusler, Alexander (1995), "Über Archäologie und den Ursprung der Indogermanen", in Kuna, Martin; Venclová, Natalie (eds.), Whither archeology? Papers in honour of Evzen Neustupny, Prague: Found of Archæology, pp. 211–229, ISBN978-80-901934-0-six
  • Iwersen, Julia (2005). "Gimbutas, Marija", in The Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd edn. Ed. by Lindsay Jones. Detroit: Macmillan, vol. 5: 3492–4.
  • Marler, Joan (1997), Realm of the Ancestors: An Anthology in Honor of Marija Gimbutas, Manchester, Connecticut: Knowledge, Ideas & Trends, ISBN978-i-879198-25-eight
  • Marler, Joan (1998), "Marija Gimbutas: Tribute to a Lithuanian Fable", in LaFont, Suzanne (ed.), Women in Transition: Voices from Lithuania, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, ISBN978-0-7914-3811-4
  • Meskell, Lynn (1995), "Goddesses, Gimbutas and 'New Historic period' Archaeology", Antiquity, 69 (262): 74–86, doi:10.1017/S0003598X00064310
  • Milisauskas, Sarunas (2011). "Marija Gimbutas: Some observations most her early years, 1921–1944", Artifact 74: lxxx–four.
  • Murdock, Maureen (2014). "Gimbutas, Marija, and the Goddess", in Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion, 2nd edn. Ed. by David A. Leeming. NY–Heidelberg–Dordrecht–London: Springer, pp. 705–10.
  • Ware, Susan; Braukman, Stacy Lorraine (2004), Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Printing, ISBN978-0-674-01488-6

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas

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